Photovoltaics in the Energy Industry and Nanotechnology

Photovoltaics in the Energy Industry and Nanotechnology Nanotechnology The field of nanotechnology dates back to the late 1950s when theoretical physicist Richard Feynman gave his famous talk called Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom. In his talk, he introduced the concept of the control and manipulation of objects i.e. atoms, molecules, at a minute scale. It was K. Eric Drexler who popularised the term nanotechnology after using it in the title of his book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.   The term nanotechnology can be defined as the science of studying very small things or in other words studying things at the nanoscale (1-100nm). During the latter part of the 20th century increasing advances in microscopy technology such as SFM, AFM and TEM allowed scientists to view nanoparticles. A particles properties greatly changes when the particle is in the nanoscale range. This is due to the Quantum Effects phenomena. Properties such as melting point, fluorescence, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, and chemical reactivity are vastly altered as the size of a particle reaches the nanoscale. As a result of the quantum effects that occur at this scale, a materials properties can be tuned to give a desired property by changing the size and shape of the particle. There are however many other parameters that affect a materials properties these will be become more evident later. A simple example where a materials properties change with reducing size to the nanoscale is that of the element gold. To the human eye gold appears to be a yellow colour while nanoscale gold a reddish colour is observed. This is as a result of the previously mentioned quantum effects, in this case the electrons of nanoscale gold particles are trapped (confined) and as a result react differently with light giving a different colour. This trapping of electrons property (quantum confinement) will further discussed later. As a result of the many desirable properties that are present in nanomaterials, numerous industries and fields alike have and are developing applications incorporating nanotechnology. The previously mentioned example of gold nanoparticles are utilised within a number applications of the medical industry. Biomedical applications for laser phototherapy, therapeutic agents as well as drug carriers have all been developed using gold nanoparticles. 1 The previously stated property of increased reactivity that occurs at the nanoscale relates to another specific property nanomaterials attain. As the size of a particle decreases the surface area increases. This increase in surface area has a profound effect on the reactivity between materials i.e. greatly enhanced reactivity. A number of different applications benefit from this nanoscale property including applications relating to the energy industry such as catalysts, energy storage and energy conversion devices. Nanotechnology has led to fabrication of novel devices and equipment and also many applications in a variety of fields none more so than the energy industry. Although several strides have been made in recent years in new technologies in the energy, current technologies cannot cope with man kinds ever increasing demand for energy. Therefore, there still remains a need to develop new sustainable energy technologies without detrimentally effecting the environment. Many leading experts in the energy industry believe that nanotechnology is the way forward to curbing these energy issues. 2,3 Photovoltaics in the Energy Industry Nanotechnology has in recent decades been incorporated into a number of technologies in the energy industry that utilise solar radiation as an energy source. Exploiting the suns energy is by far one of the most suitable ways out of all the renewable energy resources that exist for a number of reasons. Solar energy is free and basically limitless as solar energy provides approximately 15,000 times more energy in a year than is actually needed to meet the worlds current energy demands. 2 According to a 2014 renewable energy report by Eurostat the amount of renewable energy produced by EU member states increased by 73.1% between 2004 and 2014. Despite this increase only 16% of the EUs total energy consumption was from the renewable energy sector. The majority of the rest of the energy that was consumed came from fossil fuel based energy sources. Of the total renewable energy consumed, solar energy accounted for only 6.1% of total amount. These statistics highlight the improvements have been made in incorporating renewable energy, but also highlight the potential there is to integrate more solar based renewable energy. 3 The need to incorporate more renewable energy and replace existing fossil fuel based energy resources such as coal, gas and oil stems from their negative environmental impact. The ever increasing global temperatures are directly relating to rising CO2 levels, this is in part is as a result of the increase in the consumption of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution and peaking today in the early 21st century. The lack of utilisation of solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics (The 2014 GSR report indicates only 1.2% of global electricity production comes from photovoltaics) despite it being free and its wide abundance is largely due to cost. 4 It is the main reason why photovoltaic devices have failed to become more mainstream especially in comparison to non-renewable based energy sources whos cost per Watt of electricity are generally lower. The price of electricity produced from photovoltaics has certainly decreased in recent years as outlined in the Renewables 2016 Global Status Report. Prices in Germany for photovoltaic electricity have been quoted to be as low as à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0.08/kWh which is comparable to the equivalent price of natural gas. Despite this figure the costs of photovoltaic electricity can be further be reduced with continued advances in its technologies. Electricity is produced in PV solar cells by conversion of photons from the light harnessed from the sun, otherwise known as the photoelectric effect. Traditionally PVs are fabricated using silicon wafer based solar cells. These wafers comprised of crystalline silicon are generally between 150-300 nm in thickness and these largely remain the main material in PV fabrication today. A variation to these PV devices includes utilising semiconducting thin films on top of complimentary silicon wafers. This method is a much more cost effective method but suffers from poor photon to electricity conversion rates. 2 The integration of nanomaterials specifically nanocrystals in the fabrication PV devices can curb some of the limitations that currently exist. First, the ability to control the energy bandgap provides flexibility and inter-changeability. Second nanostructured materials enhance the effective optical path and significantly decrease the probability of charge recombination. Thirdly and most significantly solar cells utilising nanocrystals have shown great potential as a low cost alternative to conventional solar cells. Solution based synthesis methods such as the colloidal method has a relatively straight forward process. The solution containing nanocrystals can easily and efficiently be incorporated into a solar cell using a number of low cost deposition techniques. As well as these facts copper based nanocrystals have attracted a deal of attention due to their abundance and low cost, which further emphasises the probability of nanocrystals replacing conventional solar cells.   Figure 1 below provides contrasting schematics of the conventional silicon based solar cells against the new generation of solar cells. Figure 1. Conventional vs Nanostructured Solar cells.2

Nationalism and Politics Custom Research by Essay Writers Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the world political climate has become more complex and in some cases outright hostile, many nations have turned inward, embracing nationalism as a method of self preservation at the very least and at best, or worst depending upon one’s point of view, pitting nations against one another in competition for global political status[1].   Because of these mixtures of nationalism and politics the question of why and how justifiably nationalism has been treated with suspicion by political thinkers becomes very relevant.   In this paper, the question will be discussed and explored with real world examples where appropriate. The Roots and Renaissance of Nationalism Nationalism, in one form or another, traces its European roots back at least 200 years; most sources agree that the â€Å"modern renaissance† of nationalism can be defined as the period when the Cold War reached its apex in the early 1970s[2].   It was also during this period that nationalism became truly political in nature, as the two superpowers of the world at that time, the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republic, each developed an intense infrastructure of national pride and protectionism while at the same time trying to advocate their respective political systems in other nations in an effort to gain allies for their war of politics and ideology[3].   With the key players in the world political game embracing nationalism in its new form, the other nations of the world, large and small, soon followed suit.   Along with the nationalism boom came suspicion of nationalism on the part of many of the world’s most keen political minds and powerful p olitical players[4]. Justified Suspicion of Nationalism   Ã‚  Ã‚   The suspicion on the part of the world’s political leaders is justified; when one takes the time to look at world history over the last century or so, painful examples of nationalism run amok abound.   Many people do not realize it, but the roots of the Nazi party, the political machine of Adolf Hitler in the Germany of the 1930’s-1940’s, was based upon a very concentrated, and in hindsight toxic, form of German nationalism[5].   In this instance, Hitler, being a charismatic speaker and power monger, used the fervor of nationalism to build a regime which ultimately claimed millions of innocent lives and hurtled the world into war for years.    Behind the scenes, one can only imagine how many more lives were shattered as a result of Nazi fervor and actions. Also, referring back briefly to the introduction of this paper, the entire communist movement which came close to launching the world into war as well, had its beginnings in the elements of nationalism and the use by powerful and persuasive leaders to manipulate the masses into a system that would ultimately take away their freedom, their hope, and in some cases, their lives[6].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A present day example of possible nationalism and its potential to topple the political order exists in Great Britain, where sources indicate that there are forces within the government that advocate a concentrated form of nationalism, which ostensibly they maintain will give the common people more freedom, but in actuality, other sources claim, British nationalism would upset the established political order and lead to the downfall of the Crown itself[7]. What all of this represents is a potential power struggle that would likely ensue with the demolition of the traditional political order in a nation that has a proud history of resilience.   In fact, overall, the political leaders worldwide have in recent years voiced a concern that the new, more virulent form of nationalism that has emerged since the height of the Cold War is actually a social movement in disguise, used by those with a hunger for political power to burn down the established order and, in its place, put their own governments that of course have their own best interests at heart[8].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The point that is made with these real-life examples is that the suspicion with which political leaders often view nationalism is justified.   Any system that can devour an entire people against their will and best interests needs to be viewed with a certain degree of cynicism, and utilized only with the utmost caution. Nationalism and the World Economy   Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the close relationship between global politics and economics, the effect of nationalism on world economies is important to understand, and likewise provides solid evidence that leaders in every corner of the planet should likewise monitor nationalism from the vista of economic consequences.   Taking into consideration the previously presented examples of political chaos caused by nationalism in its present most popular form, it is not a far stretch to predict what would happen economically to accompany political upheaval.   This is especially true when the use of â€Å"reform nationalism† is used.    Reform nationalism surfaces under the premise that it will actually lead to greater economic opportunities through an overhaul of a given nation’s economy, in such forms as a revision of the tax codes, monetary policy, and the like[9].   While it ultimately is true that most cases of reform nationalism do lead to new economic opportunities, they are usually reserved for those in power, or more precisely newly in power, while the masses find themselves worse off than before.   Unfortunately, this has happened time and time again in recent times due to the often volatile power systems in some nations; classic examples in recent times include Bosnia, Serbia, and much of Eastern Europe following the collapse of communism[10] . Key Considerations   Ã‚  Ã‚   In this paper, real examples of the validity of suspicion against nationalism by political leaders has been presented, but perhaps just as importantly, the common citizen must be vigilant to make sure that their interests and rights are preserved as well, as a check and balance against the powers that exist within politics; this is true in any nation.   As the old saying goes, those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References    Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991. Anton Antonowicz Analyses the Lives of John Hume and David Trimble. (1998, October 17). The Mirror (London, England), p. 9. Beiner, Ronald, ed. Theorizing Nationalism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. Benner, Erica. (1995). Really Existing Nationalisms: A Post-Communist View from Marx and Engels. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publications, 1995. Blair Warns of English Threat to New Britain; Let’s Stick Together: PM Blasts Right-Wing Agenda. (2000, March 28). Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), p. 6. Borntraeger, Ekkehard W. Borders, Ethnicity and National Self-Determination. Vienna: Baumueller, 1999. Boyce, D. George. Nationalism in Ireland. Third Edition ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Brehony, K. J. and N. Rassool, ed. Nationalisms Old and New. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Bruce, Steve. The Edge of Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision. Oxford, New York and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994. Burns, Jimmy. Barà §a: A People’s Passion. London: Bloomsbury, 1999. Carter, A. (1997). Nationalism and Global Citizenship. The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 43(1), 67+. Cottam, M. L., & Cottam, R. W. (2001). Nationalism & Politics: The Political Behavior of Nation States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Ercegovac, P. (1998).   Competing National Ideologies, Cyclical Responses: The Mobilisation of the Irish, Basque and Croat National Movements to Rebellion Against the State.   Sydney, AU: University of Sydney. Glynn, P. (1994, August). Is Nationalism the Wave of the Future?. Commentary, 98, 42+. John McKie: Will Kilroy’s New Face of UK Politics Be Orange? (2005, February 5). Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), p. 13. The Making of the British. (2005, June 27). The Evening Standard (London, England), p. 67. Wheatcroft, G. (1999, June). The Making of the English Middle Class. The Atlantic Monthly, 283, 128. [1] Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991. [2]Carter, A. (1997). Nationalism and Global Citizenship. The Australian Journal of Politics and History, 43(1), 67+. [3]Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [4]Beiner, Ronald, ed. Theorizing Nationalism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. [5]Glynn, P. (1994, August). Is Nationalism the Wave of the Future?. Commentary, 98, 42+. [6]Cottam, M. L., & Cottam, R. W. (2001). Nationalism & Politics: The Political Behavior of Nation States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. [7]Blair Warns of English Threat to New Britain; Let’s Stick Together: PM Blasts Right-Wing Agenda. (2000, March 28). Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland), p. 6. [8]Ercegovac, P. (1998).   Competing National Ideologies, Cyclical Responses: The Mobilisation of the Irish, Basque and Croat National Movements to Rebellion Against the State.   Sydney, AU: University of Sydney. [9]Breuilly, John. Nationalism and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. [10]Ercegovac, P. (1998).   Competing National Ideologies, Cyclical Responses: The Mobilisation of the Irish, Basque and Croat National Movements to Rebellion Against the State.   Sydney, AU: University of Sydney.

The Different Impact Of Colonialism - 968 Words

The Different Impact of Colonialism Africa has been impacted many ways throughout history such as the struggles of the slave trade, independence from colonialism, economic and political development. The colonization of Africa played many roles when it came to the impact of Africans. Erik Gilbert, Jonathan Reynolds, A. Adu Boahen have addressed the impact and issues of Africa in books such as Africa in World History and African Perspectives on European Colonialism. The Scramble for Africa became such a big deal because there were many individuals involved such as Spain, Britain, Belgium, Italy, France, Europeans, Portugal, and Germany coming into Africa marking their territory in different countries throughout Africa. African societies were impact through many ways when it came to economic, social, and political structures. According to Boahen, the scramble for Africa was attributed of a â€Å"combination of internal African conditions and external Europeans factors† (28). These problems arise after the Transatla ntic Slave trade because in many part of Africa the trading of slaves was a huge part of their economy. In addition, for the Europeans they had a problem of not having the available resource unlike Africans after the abolition of slave trading to moving to trading natural and raw material. Europeans wanted and needed more power; However, the struggle to obtain their goal in Europe. Many thought that after the Transatlantic Slave trade the economy might not experience theShow MoreRelatedAfrican Perspectives On Colonialism By Adu Boahen1138 Words   |  5 Pages Zaidi 1 Syed Haider Zaidi Andrea Boffa History 108 Section G 4/23/15 â€Å"African Perspectives on Colonialism† is a book written by A. Adu Boahen. This book classifies the African responses to European colonialism in the 19th century. Boahen begins with the status of Africa in the last quarter of the 19th century and follows through the first years of African independence. This book deals with a twenty yearRead MoreAbstract. The Research Examines The Social, Economic And1704 Words   |  7 Pagesand political effect of colonialism in West Africa. A critical view of the activities carried in the study to explain the social, economic and political effect of colonialism, and a qualitative of the growth rate of the West Africa countries were examined. The study therefore concludes that colonialism greatly had an impact in the growth of the countries in the selected West Africa countries. 1.0 Introduction Our research study will focus more on the effect of colonialism in Western part Africa byRead MoreInfluential Colonisation And Its Impact On Contemporary Africa1507 Words   |  7 PagesOutlined by this quote, that although in terms of times colonialism is a small section of African history, it has left an imprint throughout the continent. This essay will look at how influential colonisation is in contemporary Africa, there are two main groups of scholars who argue how influential colonialism was in Africa the first is outlined by Gann and Duigan and they hold the view that the colonial era was ‘the most decisive for the future of Africa’. The alternative school of thought is heldRead MoreEffects Of Colonialism On Native Peoples1072 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Colonialism on Native Peoples Colonialism has had major effects on different countries throughout the years. Europeans were a major cause of these horrid events. Colonization will cause a country to lose the culture they have developed and will strip the natives of their souls. As you read through this paper, you will discover the true horror of what colonialism is and how it strips the souls of the people in it. Stripping the Souls of the Natives It is known that invading a countryRead MoreColonization Of The Colonial System1473 Words   |  6 PagesPortugal, Spain and Italy. Adu Boahen is a Ghanaian historian who wrote African perspectives of Colonialism in which, he analyzed the ninetieth and the twentieth century colonialism from a variety of African and European views. He examined the influence of the slave trade, the mood of the Africans at the eve of the colonial system, evaluated the colonial system and how it works and finally evaluated the impact of colonization upon the African continent. Although there is a lot of studies about colonizationRead MoreEffects Of Colonial Policies And Practices Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pages122-1201 November 20th, 2016 The detrimental impact of colonial policies and practices on â€Å"colonial† and post-colonial Africa. In spite of their independence, African nations continue to face serious economic, social, and military challenges. I claim colonialism served as a significant force that had a detrimental impact on African society, economics, and politics. The Oxford dictionary defines colonialism as the â€Å"policy or practice of acquiring full or partial politicalRead MoreImapct of Colonialism on Africa889 Words   |  4 PagesIMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON AFRICA In this view of the circumstances that existed during history in regards to colonial Africa. I venture to examine how colonialism is viewed, introducing you to a variety of texts which expose you to different views and debates about what Africa may well have been like today, had the colonization never taken place. The African resistance to colonialism put another perspective on the colonization of Africa by the Europeans and the Western influence Africa faced.Read MoreA Small Place By Jamaica Kincaid1266 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the effects of colonialism. The book is a punch in the gut for every tourist, westerner, and individuals who are the product of colonialism. Most western education does not teach the full context of colonialism. The extension of students’ knowledge is the Berlin conference of 1884, which divided African territory between Europeans and US leaders without the inclusion of Africans. The education in the West does not delve into the impact of the con ference after colonialism. There is never a mentionRead MorePost Colonial Afric State Building And Economic Modernization1596 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with African and European cultures, he acknowledges the profound impact that Europe has left after colonization. It is true, that it is hard to glance past Africa’s colonial past, even to this day Africa tends to be seen as a foil to Europe like Chinua Achebe brilliantly stated. Despite gaining independence almost sixty years ago , most African states still seem to hold scars from their colonial past. Although colonialism lasted for only a century (which is a relatively short period of timeRead MoreEssay about Indigenous Health1500 Words   |  6 Pages(Hampton Toombs, Racism, colonisation/colonialism and impacts on indigenous people, 2013). Before this time, it is suggested that Indigenous Australians lived relatively affluent lives and enjoyed generally better health than most people living in Europe (Hampton Toomb s, Indigenous Australian concepts of health and well-being, 2013). The arrival of introduced diseases, especially smallpox, caused considerable loss of life among Indigenous Australians. The impact of this is loss extended far beyond

Pestel Analysis for Luxury Exchanging Store - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 834 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? PESTEL Analysis for luxury exchanging store Political Chinas political environment for the luxury goods industry, the favorable overall development, whether from government regulation and deregulation, import and export restrictions, labor market and other aspects, China for the luxury goods industry, has provided a broad stage; and also, as we the interview are aware, the luxury development of the industry for the Chinese government has brought a certain amount of revenue, for the promotion of economic development has made its own contribution. Economic From an economic sense, is essentially a high-end luxury consumption of consumer behavior. Luxury is a relative concept, its meaning in different socio-economic conditions are constantly changing. With economic development, many of yesterdays luxuries have become todays necessities, but also many of todays luxuries become tomorrows necessities. Economic development is to maximize the satisfaction of the peoples growing material and cultural necessary, this need, in turn, promote economic development, economics is the study of how scarce resources to meet unlimited desires of mankind from this sense, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pestel Analysis for Luxury Exchanging Store" essay for you Create order People needs is an inexhaustible motive force promoting economic growth. This need has always manifested in the initial pursuit of luxury goods, along with economic development, luxury became a necessity, will create new luxury needs, once again to promote economic development, economy is constantly in the process progress. As the level of peoples needs continue to increase, creating a series of new consumer demand for hot spots. Chinas per capita GDP of 186. 43 U. S. ollars, luxury goods consumption growth was in direct proportion with the development of GDP, and GDP growth is at least twice Social With the large number of high-end consumer goods have moved into China and the world consumption gap is gradually reduced, the Chinese society pay more attention to promoting a new consumption concept, and many luxury brands is firmly grasped in different countries different consumer groups of consumer psychology, which makes the entire luxury industry developed steadily. But for a small number of people, the comparisons are easy to create a flashy phenomenon. From a social sense, luxury consumption is a personal taste and quality of life improvements; as early as 30 years in the 20th century, Shanghai as the largest international city in the Far East, forming the embryonic form of luxury retailing in China. New rich people become a driving force an important force in high-end luxury consumer, luxury consumption, getting younger and younger. Social development, peoples income growth, demand growth will be faster. Are some ordinary white-collar workers who will spend her entire monthly salary to buy one she was able to withstand †¢ Louis Vuitton handbag. , There is When people exchange is to show off wealth, status,there is a party to participate in a variety of occasions. Technological We are a luxury for the exchange of each of its excellent technology, high product cost, product development, design, technology innovation, production and other aspects of the investment, but also the entire luxury products are different from general consumer goods, sought after by the people is another important factor. Sustainable development and green eco-luxury packaging the future direction of development; other hand, the use of the online distribution service platform business model, the website can also make online transactions, but does not charge any fees Legal For the exchange to ensure the exchange of luxury goods supply channels and the quality, they are not only required to provide identity cards to xchange and receive copies, the store also has a national level of professional qualification appraisal division, identification checks on the consignment commodities, and goods valuation until after the two sides signed an agreement to negotiate a good price. At this time, staff self-development through the SC-ESM terminal management system to record and play barcode commodity information and make price tag, and then disinfected items will put them in the counter exchange sales. Meanwhile, Chinas investment Exchange Act, there is a sound legal protection. The State has a comprehensive and Exchange Act, consignment method Pestle Analysis – Environmental Stores environment does not require so magnificent, first thing that strikes a very transparent, spacious, orderly display of goods, there are so low-key points, introverted style of premium brands, but inside things are genuine luxury. Noon lunch and evening after work, people can come to stroll, there is a gang of white-collar work in the vicinity. The exchange of trade is bound to take opportune our idea of a smooth flow of goods, Let there be no idle resources concept to every peoples minds. In order to achieve maximum conservation of social resources in order to idle resources for the carrier to create enormous social value, the real benefit of the community to achieve the benefit of mankind. Of course, such an exchange shop in cortical processing can reduce the pollution and the shortage of leather and other materials. Luxury mode of production will reduce the environmental impacts to a minimum level, such as carbon emissions from the use of machinery and equipment, solar panel applications and to further to achieve zero emissions.

Venezuela s Contemporary Policy Model - 888 Words

Venezuela’s contemporary policy model is known for being deeply rooted in populist forms of governance since it supports the division between the people and the elite. This has been more prominent amongst Latin American rulers, since the role of a charismatic leader drives the relation between the government and its people. Regimes like these have specific policy mixes that fit into the spectrum of pro-poor and anti-imperialistic ideals. Chà ¡vez’s regime was a perfect fit for the definition and the history behind a populist paradigm. This essay focuses on the political and economic policies endured by the New Bolivarian Constitution by analyzing the general role of a populist regime, its autocratic power and the policy risks that come along with them. Venezuela’s populist regime was ‘popular’ amongst adherent regions in the area, since it claimed to be the leader behind a global movement against imperialism. With the support of Bolivia and Ecuadorà ¢â‚¬â„¢s similar oppressed regimes, Venezuela’s main target is the ‘imperialistic’ ideals of the United States. Hence, the draft of the new constitution includes notions of nationalism, democracy, redistribution of oil wealth and regional integration, not to mention that some of the policies completely differ from the U.S.’ beliefs. However, in regards to democracy, Chavez and Maduro claim that advancing democracy depends on replacing the unresponsive institutions of liberal democracy with new forms of direct, participatory democracy.Show MoreRelatedInternational Region And Its Impact On Foreign Policy Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesRegionalization Introduction An international region can be defined as a number of states linked by a geographic relationship and by a degree of interdependence. The activities of the neighboring states have a significant impact on determining foreign policy. 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Furthermore, CACREP, as an accrediting body, demonstrates aRead MoreBric Analysis Essay11111 Words   |  45 Pageslevel, initiating and participating in multilateral fora as diverse as the trade G20, the financial G20, and now the BRICs club. On issues of style, inclusion, and distributive justice, Brazil reliably sides with the ‘‘South.’ Yet its core public policy instincts ’ embrace familiar ‘‘Northern’’ preferences: liberal, and mixed-capitalist, democracy. Polity (2010) 42, 14–37. doi:10.1057/pol.2009.15; published online 7 December 2009 Keywords BRICs; Brazil; global governance; democracy; power transition;Read MoreFidel Castro And His Legacy2042 Words   |  9 PagesRevolutionary? With the recent death of one of the Western Hemisphere?s most recognizable rulers, the question arises as to the legacy of Castro and his Cuba. Castro is well known among the Baby-Boomers and Generation X citizens of the United States and Latin America. While in the United States we are taught one view of Castro as a tyrant, many citizens of Cuba and other third-world-countries and a very different view of Cuba?s greatest leader. The life of Fidel Castro is forever associated with the

Balsara Used to Its Advantage Free Essays

Explain the environmental factors which Balsara used to its advantage. BALSARA USED TO ITS ADVANTAGE IN INDIA. – with clove oil (which has been traditionally regarded in India as an effective deterrent to tooth decay and tooth ache) as a unique selling proposition IN MALAYSIA – There was good response to Miswak also in the Muslim dominated Malaysia. We will write a custom essay sample on Balsara Used to Its Advantage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its promotion highlighted the fact that miswak (Latin Name : Salvadora Persica) was a plant that had been used for centuries by as a tooth cleaning twig. It had reference in Koran. Quoting from Faizal-E-Miswak, it was pointed out that prophet Mohammed used â€Å"miswak before sleeping at night and after awakening. ’’ The religious appeal in the promotion was reinforced by the findings of scientists all over the world, including Arabic ones, of the antibacterial property of clove and its ability to prevent tooth decay and gums. IN USA – Market intelligence revealed that there was a growing preference in the advanced counties for nature based products. Balsara tied up with Auromere Imports Inc. (AAII), Los Angeles. An agency established by American followers of Aurobindo, an Indian philosopher saint. Eight months of intensive R D enabled Balsara to develop a tooth paste containing 24 herbal ingredients that would satisfy the required parameter. Auromere was voted as the No. 1 toothpaste in North Eastern USA ————— The product line was extended by introducing several variants of Auromere. A saccharine free toothpaste was introduced. It was found that mint and menthol were taboo for users of homoeopathic medicines. So a product free of such mints was developed. Auromere Fresh Mint for the young and Auromere Cina Mint containing a combination of cinnamon and peppermint were also introduced BALSARA EXPLOITED THESE SENTIMENTS. In the case of Balsara: there was increased demand for products which were herbal, organic etc from the customers. The marketing mix was designed to take advantage of the same whereby it included natural and herbal products and private label brands to customers who were willing to pay for the same. How to cite Balsara Used to Its Advantage, Essay examples

International Business Operations

Question: This report is about the business strategy of the company Country Road in Australia which is going to open their business in France. Answer: 1.0 Introduction This report is about the business strategy of the company Country Road in Australia which is going to open their business in France. The business strategy selection is the most vital activity for starting a business in a new country. The considerations for conducting the international business operations by Country Road have been analyzed in this report. The background details of the business organizations are analyzed at the beginning level of the report. Then the different types of risks associated with the different types of business operations. Some recommendations are also given at the last section of this report for improving the production and other business operations. 2.0 Background of the Organization One of the most popular lifestyle brands of Australia is Country Road that was established in the year of 1974. The organization mainly provides cloths with great quality that shows the brand value of the organization However, the biggest advantage of the organization is its strategy of price, which it keeps low than any other organization. Offered product of Main Road includes cloths for men, women and children. Head office of the organization is located in Richmond, Victoria region of Australia. With their sales stores in cities such as Chicago, Boston and New York, the organization has already popularity among the people of America. However, according to Hovhannisyan and Keller (2015), recently due to lack of sales the organization was forced to close down one of their stores. Primary goal of the organization is to manufacture stylist and designed merchandise that can reflect the lifestyle of the people of Australia. The organization started as a niche womens shirting business in the year of 1974. However, in the year of 1994, Woolworth Holding Limited (South Africa) secured a controlling interest in Country Road. Later in the year of 2004, the organization was able to re-launch them with a fresh modern identity. One of the biggest achievements of the company was its acquisition of Witchery Group in the year of 2012. They also acquired Mimco retail brands with the strategic rationale of creating Australias largest fashion retail group. 3.0 Export Promises and Risks in France Risks: According to Hamilton and Webster, (2015), Australian companies are suggested to spend time to investigate the market to gain professional advice before starting any business in France. Some risks while exporting in France are intellectual property risks, political and commercial risks, and risk through compliance to foreign regulations and standards and non-payment by foreign buyer. For country road, it is important that they protect their intellectual property rights while trading with France. In France, the patents and trademarks are administrated by the INPI. Therefore, it is highly essential to understand all the rules and regulations with the help of INPI before staring the business (Buckley, Cross Mattos, 2015). Political and commercial risks while exporting in France are local tax, tariff, customs and import laws. Besides, the restriction on repatriation of funds is another risk while exporting in France. Besides, the Government of France is very strict if the goods do not meet the local countries import. Therefore, it will be tough to compliance to regulations and standards of France as the culture of Australia and France are quite different. The biggest risk that the organization might face while exporting goods in the France is the chances of nonpayment by foreign buyer. Benefits: According to Fischer and Henkel (2012), Metropolitan France, which is also known as L Hexagon is perfectly situated as a prosperous export market for companies. France is the fifth largest economy in the world France is a geographical hub for doing business within European Union. The biggest benefit is that France is the largest aerospace and nuclear industries, second largest agri-food and chemical industry and third largest information and communication technology hub. Therefore, Country Road will have advantages such as proximity to European countries, easy transportation link from the France as the cost of flights is low to Paris and many other provincial cities, huge and open and diversified markets and time difference of only four hours. 3.1 Steps to improve export performance In order to improve the export performance of France, the Government must lower the cost of labor. However, the Government is currently trying to reestablish a fiscal balance. Therefore, as mentioned by Ocasio and Radoynovska (2016), the best possible way to lower the labor cost is to transfer these into other another taxes. That is why the social VAT was developed by the previous organization. However, the current Government cancelled this policy and developed a new one named as CSG tax that has a great advantage of having a larger tax base that will include capital income. 3.2 Information sources and Government programs to help exporters Government of France is planning to improve the efficiency of its export policies by helping the small and medium sized companies so that they can access to support easily. The Government is also working to offer one-stop-shop so that new companies can overcome their growth challenges especially in international markets. Therefore, it can be said that Country Road will get ample help from the Government of France while exporting goods to the country. 4.0 Recommendation for Market Entry mode As the company has been taking entry into the foreign market, it is necessary to focus on the barriers for taking entry into the market. In this part, it is required to consider the objectives of the firm, the nature and types of the organization as well as the size and the available resources of the company. Brouthers (2013) has stated that whether the product has its prior experience or a subsidy in the operating country is one of the major questions. The company is required to focus on the transport costs and the trade barriers along with the political, economic risks and the business risks along with the strategy of the corporation. It can be stated that the optimal entry mode varies by several situations, depending on these above mentioned factors. However, it can be stated that analyzing the nature of the market, it is required to prepare the marketing plan likewise (Chang et al., 2012). It is regardless to say that every export is highly important in the receipt country and Country Road is required to stay competitive in the newly operating market. For hold on a strong position in the market, they are required to establish a factory in the new operating country by creating a joint venture as well as taking help from the local producers. In this part, it is required to mention that the decision of how to take entry into the market might have a significant impact on the final results and taking entry into the foreign market might be achieved through exporting, licensing, joint venture as well as direct investment (Dunning, 2012). Figure 1: Market entry strategies (Source: Fischer Henkel, 2012) At the time of exporting the product to the newly operating market, it is required to focus on product sample taking into account the product sourcing, demand of these products in the market, product management, labeling, control over the product as well as ample information of the market. At the time of taking entry into the new market, the company is required to establish the prices considering several situations in the market. Apart from that, they are required to focus on discounts and competitive information (Folsom et al., 2012). Proper advertising, promotion of the new brand, direct mail to the target customers, exhibitions and the trade shows, direct selling, sales force, sales or the returns are some of the major parts that are required to focus on immediately (Holtbrgge Baron, 2013). As the company is one of the leading companies, it would not require huge inventory support at the initial level. However, at the time of taking entry into the market, they are required to arrange proper funds provision, raising proper capital, order processing, insurance and arbitration along with the procedure of ordering. These steps are required to follow, as Country Road has been planning to take entry into France market (Homburg et al., 2015). 5.0 Marketing and RD considerations From the details reports of the company, it can be seen that Country Road has been planning to expand their business in France. Therefore, it is required to analyze the market condition of the country where the company has been planning to expand. RD has found the fact that there exist several other companies in France and thus penetrating into the market is tough enough for the organization and demands proper marketing strategy. Killing (2012) has said that the slight recovery in demand seen in the retailing industry in the year 2015 has helped the existing retailers of France to forget 2014 and looking forward to expand more in this sector. At the initial level, the marketing strategy of the company would be to maximize the value of the firm and thus the managers are required to pursue the strategies that increase the profitability of the enterprise and its rate of profit growth over time (Kohtamki et al., 2013). Figure 2: Determinants of enterprise value (Source: Laufs Schwens, 2014) The value creation at this position is one of the major concerns of the firm and it can be stated that more value the customers place on the products of the firms, the higher the price the firm can charge for those specific products. More innovation products at this context is required to design in order to strongly penetrate the market. For attracting the attention of the new target customers in France, the corporation is required to add value to the products, so that the customers are willing enough to pay more for this. Besides adding value to the products, Country Road is required to lower the costs (Li et al., 2012). However, it can be stated that the company is required to rely on two basic strategies for enhancing the profitability of the organization through a differentiation strategy as well as a low cost strategy. Moreover, it can be stated that it is required to make sure that the organization has the proper and appropriate organizational structure in the place to execute the adopted strategy. For holding a strong position in the market, the company is required to focus on the primary activities and these accounts creating innovation and differentiated products, marketing as well as delivering the product to the consumers and giving appropriate support and appropriate after sale service to the consumers of the innovative products (Maekelburger, Schwens Kabst, 2012). Figure 3: Organizational architecture (Source: Parker Van Praag, 2012) Sanzo et al. (2012) have stated that additionally, the company is required to attain superior performance and earn a high return on the capital and the strategies are require to make proper sense towards the given market conditions. However, it must required to mention that market situations, strategy, operations as well as the organization must be consistent with each other as well as fit with each other, for superior performances to be properly attained (Shaver, 2013). 6.0 Recommendation for production In order to start their business in France, Country Road will have to adapt one of the four popular product-developing strategies that are ethnocentric approach, polycentric approach, egocentric approach and geocentric approach. According to Buckley (2016), for Country Road it would be better if they select polycentric approach. In this approach, Country Road will be aware that the French market is different from the market of Australia. The company needs to adopt new management style depending on the situation of this country. This strategy has the belief on the fact that the international business strategy should have the focus on the local preferences. The company can have huge advantage of the strategy, but they need to focus on the problem of coordination and control between the different subsidiaries. Better sale can be achieved by using more informed local management of the production management. More imitative should be taken regarding the local products. This will help the c ompany to generate more revenues from the local products. The following steps should be followed by the company to get the desired level of success in the business. Production planning is associated with the scheduling of employee activities, accurate delivery of the products to the customers and the effective level of supply chain management. Step 1: Assessing and monitoring of the production capacity is the first initiative of the company. Understanding of the production capacity of the company will help to recognize which elements have to be monitored by the production managers. All the physical requirements of the company should be documented for reviewing in the planning process. The production capacity of the company need to be monitored regularly and the limitations should be measure as per the requirements of the business of the company (Buckley, 2016). Step 2: Depending on the production planning assessment report in the previous step, the company need to develop the production plan in this step. The labor and technical resources need to determine for accomplishing all the tasks related to the production of the company. The technical requirements and manpower requirements for the production changes should be assessed by the management of the company. When the market demand is high then the manpower of the company should be increased by hiring more people. In case of any reduction in the manpower or the technical requirements, the documents have to be modified (Dunning, 2012). Step 3: The third step of the production management is the understanding of the different aspects of the supply chain management of the company. Selection of the raw material suppliers, distributors and analyzing the storage capacity of the warehouse are the most important activities of the production management. The company should search for the highest quality of raw materials in the most reasonable price. They should select the raw materials suppliers near the production house of the company. This will be able to reduce the transportation cost of the production. New ICT technology tools and internet technology have to be used in the selection and management of the suppliers. A Supply Chain Scheduling (SCS) software need to be develop and used for the effective handing of the SCM of the company (Parker Van Praag, 2012). Step 4: Effective level of communication is the next requirement for the management of the supply chain activities in the production management of the company. The company should communicate with the suppliers for clarifying the requirements of the company. Both the supplier and consumer companies should ensure that the right materials are supplied at the right time. Step 5: The company should consider the Electronic Data Interchange system for assisting the production planning. The system can be used for analyzing the production capacity of the company by production capacity and actual production. These steps will help the company to improve the production to produce more products and to get more profit from business. 7.0 International HRM issues and considerations The companies which are conducting the business operations in international level should be conscious about the different cultures, economics, and legislations in the area of the Human Resource Management. The cultural values are associated with the societal forces, beliefs and the individual actions of the groups. The cultural values are associated with the locality of the countries in which they are working (Killing, 2012). The recruitment and selection procedure of the company should consider the following issues and consideration. Managerial competence: Knowledge regarding the specific operations o related to the business of the company, leadership skills and technical skills. Adaptability: The ability of dealing with new and challenging situations in the workplaces. Training: The candidates must be trained about the specific business operations of the company. The cost benefit analysis of the HRM of the company should be done by considering the economic conditions of the company. Other facilities to the employees should be provided by checking the legislations and health care facilities available in the operating countries. In this case, the management of the company should consider the health and safety related legislations in France and should consider those in their HRM operations (Shaver, 2013). 8.0 Conclusion After completion of the entire task, it can be stated that Country Road of Australia is one of the leading clothing retailers and has been planning to take entry into the France market. In order to carry on the entire task, focus has been shed on exporting promises and the risks in operating in the France market. The risks as well as benefits have been discussed in the context of France. Apart from that, some major steps have been mentioned for enhancing the export performance of this retail company and some more information sources along with government programs in order to help the exporters. In order to enhance the market entry, some effective recommendations have been provided and it is expected that these features would help the company to penetrate into the France market. 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